Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization

6.1 - Rationales for Imperialism

• Nationalist Motives for Imperialism:
  • Western European powers asserted authority over other territories to assert national identity.
  • Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands possessed overseas colonies.
• European Nationalism:
  • Britain expanded to Australia and India.
  • France expanded to Algeria, New Caledonia, Senegal, and Indochina.
• Cultural and Religious Motives for Imperialism:
  • Colonial powers justified imperialism through cultural superiority and religious missions.
  • Pseudoscientific theories like Social Darwinism reinforced racial ideologies.
• Economic Motives for Imperialism:
  • Companies like the East India Company sought profits through raw materials and markets.
  • The Industrial Revolution fueled the desire for colonies to provide resources and markets for manufactured goods.
• East India Company:
  • Granted a monopoly on England's trade with India, expanded to control regions in India, and engaged in the slave trade.
• Dutch East India Company:
  • Granted monopoly on trade between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Magellan, concentrated on islands around Java.
• "New Imperialism":
  • Britain's economic lead prompted other nations to expand into Asia, Africa, and the Pacific for markets and resources.

6.2 - State Expansion

• King Leopold II and Belgian Imperialism:
  • Leopold sought to conquer the Congo Basin for Belgium.
  • Established a private colony due to government ambivalence.
  • Belgian Parliament revoked his rule in 1908 due to abuse.
• Imperialism in Africa:
  • Long-standing European-African relations due to the slave trade.
  • European demand for African resources drove imperialism.
  • European presence expanded beyond trading posts in the 1800s.
• Imperialism in South Asia:
  • England's East India Company expanded into India.
  • French and Portuguese competition for Indian control.
• Imperialism in East Asia:
  • China faced spheres of influence due to internal issues.
  • Japan pursued territorial gains after industrialization.
• Imperialism in Southeast Asia:
  • Dutch, French, and British established control for economic gain.
  • Siam avoided imperialism through diplomacy and modernization.
• Australia and New Zealand:
  • Britain established colonies for penal purposes and resource exploitation.
  • New Zealand faced conflicts with Maori inhabitants.
• U.S. Imperialism:
  • The U.S. acquired territories in Latin America and the Pacific.
  • Expansion is driven by economic, nationalistic, and cultural motives.
• Comparing Imperialism:
  • Various types including state-run colonies, settler colonies, and economic domination.
• Russian Expansion:
  • Catherine II and Alexander I expanded the Russian Empire.
  • Russian-American Company explored Alaska and California.
  • Russian push into Central Asia led to a rivalry with Britain.

6.3 - Indigenous Responses to State Expansion

• Nationalist Movements in Response to European Imperialism:
  • The emergence of nationalist movements in South America, Africa, and Asia.
  • Leaders educated in European style were influenced by Enlightenment ideals.
  • Resistance led to the creation of new states.
• Nationalist Movements in the Balkans:
  • Inspired by the French Revolution, ethnic nationalism emerged.
  • Serbia, Greece, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Bulgaria rebelled against Ottoman rule.
  • Russo-Turkish War (1877) led to the liberation of certain territories.
• Resistance and Rebellion in the Americas:
  • Indigenous peoples' resistance in North America against British colonialism.
  • Cherokee Nation assimilated but faced displacement due to U.S. expansionism.
  • Ghost Dance movement among Native American tribes, culminating in the Wounded Knee Massacre.
• Tupac Amaru II and French Intervention in Mexico:
  • Tupac Amaru II led the last general Indian revolt against Spain in Peru.
  • French intervention in Mexico led to the establishment of Maximilian as emperor, which ended with Mexican resistance.
• South Asian Movements:
  • Indian Rebellion of 1857 sparked by greased rifle cartridges, marked the emergence of Indian nationalism.
  • Formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 calling for self-rule.
• Southeast Asian Resistance:
  • Vietnam and Philippine resistance against French and Spanish colonial rule respectively.
  • Vietnamese resistance led by Ham Nghi and Phan Dinh Phung.
  • Philippine Revolution and subsequent Philippine-American War.
• Resistance in Australia and New Zealand:
  • Aboriginal resistance against European settlement in Australia.
  • Maori wars against British settlers in New Zealand.
• African Resistance:
  • Sokoto Caliphate resisted British colonialism in West Africa.
  • Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement and wars against the British in South Africa.
  • Samory Touré's resistance against the French in Guinea.
  • Mahdist Revolt against Egyptian-British rule in Sudan.
  • Yaa Asantewaa War against British in Ghana.

6.4 - Global Economic Development

• Economic Imperialism Driven by Environmental Factors:
  • European industrialization fueled demand for raw materials like cotton, rubber, and palm oil from Asia and Africa.
  • American agriculture relied on South American guano as fertilizer.
• Technological Developments:
  • Railroads:
    • Lowered transportation costs and facilitated movement of raw materials and goods.
  • Telegraph:
    • Revolutionized communication, enabling instant transmission of news.
• Agricultural Products:
  • Shift from subsistence farming to cash crops under colonial rule.
  • Demand for meat led to cattle ranching in South America and sheep herding in Australia and New Zealand.
  • Guano from Peru and Chile served as a valuable natural fertilizer.
• Raw Materials:
  • Cotton:
    • British textile mills relied heavily on cotton from the United States, India, and Egypt.
  • Rubber:
    • Demand for rubber led to the exploitation of rubber trees in South America and Southeast Asia.
  • Palm Oil:
    • Used for lubrication in European factories, palm oil became a valuable commodity from West Africa to Southeast Asia.
• Global Consequences:
  • Industrialization spurred the need for global trade and investment.
  • Commercial extraction led to monocultures, deforestation, and environmental degradation in former colonies.

6.5 - Economic Imperialism

• Rise of Economic Imperialism:
  • The shift of economic influence to industrialized states.
  • The exploitation of natural resources and labor beyond borders.
  • Development of export economies in colonies.
• Imperialism in Asia:
  • Opium Trade in China:
    • British profited from opium sales to China despite objections.
    • Opium Wars resulted from Chinese attempts to curtail trade.
  • Impact on India:
    • British flooded the Indian market with cheap textiles.
    • India shifted from a textile producer to a raw cotton supplier for Britain.
  • Dutch East Indies:
    • Transitioned from spice trade to agricultural production.
    • Imposed Culture System forced cash crop production or unpaid labor.
• Imperialism in Africa:
  • Exploitation of Resources:
    • Conversion of land to cash crop production for European markets.
    • Vulnerability to droughts and economic decline.
  • Slave Labor and Cash Crops:
    • Enslaved people used to produce cash crops like oil palms, coffee, and cocoa.
    • Quaker-owned companies opposed slave labor, impacting production in colonies.
• Imperialism in Latin America:
  • Role of European Powers:
    • Britain, France, and Germany invested heavily in Latin American economies.
    • British investments transformed Argentina into a major economic power.
  • Impact of United States:
    • U.S. investments in Mexico and Cuba supported infrastructure and industry.
    • Monroe Doctrine asserted U.S. influence in Latin America.
  • Foreign Control and Influence:
    • Foreign companies exerted control over Central American economies.
    • The term "banana republics" was coined to describe politically unstable states under foreign dominance.
• Economic Imperialism in Hawaii:
  • American businesses and sugar planters overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893.
  • Hawaii became a territory of the United States in 1898.
• Context of Economic Imperialism:
  • The Industrial Revolution fueled the demand for raw materials and provided technology for territorial control.
  • Steamships, railroads, and military weapons facilitated economic expansion beyond national borders.

6.6 - Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World

• Economic Globalization and Urbanization:
  • Industrialization led to urban population growth.
  • Lebanese merchants and Italian laborers relocated for economic reasons.
  • Irish settlers cited permanent resettlement to escape economic and political difficulties.
• Migration through Labor Systems:
  • Slavery and Coerced Labor:
    • Demand for agricultural goods fueled coerced migration.
    • Indian, Chinese, and Japanese laborers migrated for plantation work.
  • Asian Contract Laborers:
    • Chinese and Indian workers were forced into servitude as substitutes for slave labor.
    • The media criticized the system as akin to slavery, leading to its eventual end.
  • British Penal Colonies:
    • Britain transported convicts to Australia for labor.
    • Convicts performed various tasks and contributed to Australia's development.
• Migration in the Face of Challenges:
  • Diasporas and Forced Migrations:
    • African slave trade resulted in involuntary emigration.
    • Poverty, political conditions, and famine drove other diasporas.
  • Examples of Diasporas:
    • Indian diaspora due to poverty and British recruitment for labor.
    • Chinese diaspora was influenced by gold rushes and economic opportunities.
    • Irish emigration due to famine, religious discrimination, and political unrest.
    • Italian diaspora driven by poverty, organized crime, and land scarcity.
• Migration to Settler Colonies:
  • Role of Settler Colonies:
    • British citizens migrated to settler colonies like Canada, South Africa, and Australia.
    • Technical experts, engineers, and geologists contributed to colonial development.
  • Examples of Settler Colonies:
    • Argentina attracted British businessmen and contributed to its economic growth.
    • Japan's Colonization Society aimed to export surplus population and goods.
    • Japanese migration to America faced tensions and anti-immigrant sentiment.
• Impact of Transportation and Urbanization:
  • Improvements in Transportation:
    • Japanese laborers went to Hawaii and the South Pacific under contract.
    • Italian industrial workers migrated to Argentina with similar arrangements.
  • Urbanization:
    • Most industries are located in urban areas, attracting internal and external migrants.
    • Cities globally increased in size and influence due to migration influx.

6.7 - Effects of Migration

• Patterns of Migration (1750-1900):
  • Demographic Changes and Ethnic Enclaves:
    • Migration led to demographic shifts and the formation of ethnic enclaves.
    • Migrants maintained their native culture while influencing new locations.
    • Chinese immigrants formed enclaves globally, spreading their culture.
    • Indian migrants thrived in Southeast Asia under colonial rule.
  • Racial and Ethnic Prejudice:
    • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 suspended immigration of Chinese laborers to the U.S.
    • Migrant groups faced racial and ethnic discrimination.
• Impact on Home Societies:
  • Gender Roles and Demographics:
    • Male-dominated migration shifted gender roles and demographics.
    • Women assumed new responsibilities in societies left behind.
    • Remittances from male migrants empowered women in some societies.
• Impact on Receiving Societies:
  • Formation of Ethnic Enclaves:
    • Immigrants retained cultural traditions in new countries.
    • Ethnic enclaves emerged in major cities, influencing local culture.
    • Chinese immigrants influenced Peruvian cuisine and cultural diversity.
• Prejudice and Regulation of Immigration:
  • Discriminatory Legislation:
    • Chinese Exclusion Act and discriminatory laws in the U.S. institutionalized prejudice.
    • Anti-Chinese sentiment led to violent attacks in Australia and discriminatory legislation.
    • White Australia Policy restricted non-British immigration until the mid-1970s.

6.8 - Causation in the Imperial Age

• Imperialism Effects (1750-1900):
  • Economic Drivers:
    • Industrial capitalism led to increased demand for resources and expansion of markets.
    • Industrialized nations sought empire-building to overcome economic challenges.
  • Overseas Expansion:
    • Industrial economies relied on international trade and sought control over resources.
    • The expansion of imperialism in the 19th century was driven by the need for natural resources.
  • Effects on Colonized Regions:
    • Dependent colonial economies often saw little economic development.
    • Western powers exerted dominance over previously resistant regions.
• Seeds of Revolution:
  • Resistance Movements:
    • Colonized regions resisted Westernization and imperialism.
    • Seeds of rebellion led to the rise of independence movements.
• Migration and Discrimination:
  • Global Migration:
    • Migration from less developed areas to industrial economies increased.
    • Indentured laborers from various regions settled in host countries.
  • Discrimination and Exploitation:
    • Immigrants faced discrimination based on race, religion, and other factors.
    • Working classes competed for jobs with immigrants in industrial economies.